![]() ![]() The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region. The northern part of the Indus Valley, with its tributaries, forms the Punjab region of South Asia, while the lower course of the river ends in a large delta in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan. Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayan, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush ranges, the river supports the ecosystems of temperate forests, plains, and arid countryside. Its principal right-bank tributaries are the Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Kurram, and Gomal rivers. Its left-bank tributary in Ladakh is the Zanskar River, and its left-bank tributary in the plains is the Panjnad River which is formed by the successive confluences of the five Punjab rivers, namely the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Its estimated annual flow is around 243 km 3 (58 cu mi), making it one of the 50 largest rivers in the world in terms of average annual flow. The river has a total drainage area of circa 1,120,000 km 2 (430,000 sq mi). ![]() The 3,120 km (1,940 mi) river rises in mountain springs northeast of Mount Kailash in Western Tibet, flows northwest through the disputed region of Kashmir, bends sharply to the left after the Nanga Parbat massif, and flows south-by-southwest through Pakistan, before emptying into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi. The Indus ( / ˈ ɪ n d ə s/ IN-dəs) is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans- Himalayan river of South and Central Asia. Shyok River, Hunza River, Gilgit River, Swat River, Kunar River, Kabul River, Kurram River, Gomal River, Zhob River ![]() Zanskar River, Suru River, Soan River, Panjnad River, Ghaggar-Hakra River, Luni River ![]()
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